Resources

For Parents

An Overview of the Healthy Childhood Sexual Development
Abstract:
Parents and professionals are often knowledgeable about the different developmental phases of their child, but when it comes to normal sexual development, they tend to avoid the reality of this phase of development. Understanding the normal sexual development of children aids parents and professionals not only in facilitating the development of a healthy sexual identity with children, but also in identifying high risk or concerning sexual behavior. This article provides an overview of normal sexual developmental behavior as well as sexual behavior during childhood that raises a concern.

Authors
Adapted Louise P Aucamp (See resource list)
Social worker in private practice
Email: louise@factnetwork.co.za

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For Professionals

The Truth About Forensic Assessments and Sound Forensic Practice
Abstract:
Forensic assessments in cases of alleged sexual abuse is a specialized field of work for which few private practitioners, nor those working at welfare organizations, are equipped. Parents and significant adults in children’s lives are often under the misconception that any therapist, social worker and/or psychologist can do these type of assessments – which jeopardize successful prosecution and results in re-assessment of children and secondary trauma for both the child and parents involved. This document will provide you with a brief overview of forensic practice and highlight some important questions you might never have thought of asking.

Introduction:
Forensic assessments in cases of alleged sexual abuse is a specialized field of work for which few private practitioners, nor those working at welfare organizations, are equipped. Parents and significant adults in children’s lives are often under the misconception that any therapist, social worker and/or psychologist can do these type of assessments – which jeopardize successful prosecution and results in re-assessment of children and secondary trauma for both the child and parents involved.

Authors
Louise P Aucamp (See resource list)
Social worker in private practice
Email: louise@factnetwork.co.za

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A Critical Analysis of Legislation Pertaining to the Sexual Abuse of Children
Abstract:
Knowledge of legislation pertaining to sexual abuse is imperative for health care professionals working with the child who has been sexually abused. This article will provide a critical analysis of those aspects of the Criminal Law (Sexual Offences and Related Matters) Amendment Act, 32 of 2007, relevant to the health care professional. The shortcomings of the Act and the practical implication of these for healthcare professionals will be highlighted. Focus is also placed on the relevant sections of the Childcare Act, 38 of 2005 and how these sections complement the Criminal Law (Sexual Offences and Related Matters) Amendment Act, 32 of 2007.

Introduction:
The phenomenon of sexual abuse is one that helping professions are faced with on an increasing basis. In order to address this phenomenon effectively in practice – whether in assessment, evaluation, intervention planning or therapy – it is of the utmost importance that professionals are aware of current legislation pertaining to sexual abuse of children and the practical implication of legislation. When professionals are without knowledge of relevant legislation pertaining to cases of alleged sexual abuse, intervention is often planned without taking relevant legal aspects into account, with the result that interventions fail to meet legal requirements and prerequisites.
Authors
Louise P Aucamp
Social worker in private practice
Email: louise@factnetwork.co.za

Marie M Steyn
Division Social Work, Potchefstroom Campus of the North-West University, Potchefstroom
Email: Marie.Steyn@nwu.ac.za

Esmé van Rensburg
Division Psychology, Potchefstroom Campus of the North-West University, Potchefstroom
Email: esmé.vanrensburg@nwu.ac.za

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Redefining Child Sexual Abuse: From a Legal to a Psychosocial Perspective
Abstract:
In order to effectively help traumatised children to achieve positive outcomes, one must have a clearly defined methodology, underpinned by theory and based on an integrated approach. The first step towards this is clearly to redefine the phenomenon of the sexual abuse of children. As sexual abuse is both a legal and a psychosocial phenomenon, the authors are of the opinion that the South African context necessitates a more integrative definition. The information in this article is therefore aimed at providing health care professionals with an integrative definition that takes into account both the South African legal definition of sexual abuse and the underlying psychosocial factors with which it is associated.

Introduction:
The incidence of the sexual abuse of children is reaching new statistical highs in South Africa. According to a research study conducted in 2009 on the incidence of child sexual abuse in South Africa by the social welfare arm (Helpende Hand [Helping Hand]) of the trade union Solidariteit (Solidarity), an average of 60 cases of child rape per day are reported in the country (Solidariteit, 2009:1).
Authors
Louise P Aucamp
Social worker in private practice
Email: louise@factnetwork.co.za

Marie M Steyn
Division Social Work, Potchefstroom Campus of the North-West University, Potchefstroom
Email: Marie.Steyn@nwu.ac.za

Esmé van Rensburg
Division Psychology, Potchefstroom Campus of the North-West University, Potchefstroom
Email: esmé.vanrensburg@nwu.ac.za

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The Use of Anatomical Dolls
Abstract:
In order to effectively help traumatised children to achieve positive outcomes, one must have a clearly defined methodology, underpinned by theory and based on an integrated approach. The first step towards this is clearly to redefine the phenomenon of the sexual abuse of children. As sexual abuse is both a legal and a psychosocial phenomenon, the authors are of the opinion that the South African context necessitates a more integrative definition. The information in this article is therefore aimed at providing health care professionals with an integrative definition that takes into account both the South African legal definition of sexual abuse and the underlying psychosocial factors with which it is associated.

Introduction:
The incidence of the sexual abuse of children is reaching new statistical highs in South Africa. According to a research study conducted in 2009 on the incidence of child sexual abuse in South Africa by the social welfare arm (Helpende Hand [Helping Hand]) of the trade union Solidariteit (Solidarity), an average of 60 cases of child rape per day are reported in the country (Solidariteit, 2009:1).

Author
Louise P Aucamp
Social worker in private practice
Email: louise@factnetwork.co.za

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The Issue of Consent
Abstract:
The issue of obtaining consent, from both parents, is often a difficult one for private practitioners and organizations who’s focus is service delivery in the best interest of children. Therapist, social worker’s and psychologist stance is often one of wanting to help and they find it difficult when issues like consent stand in their way of fulfilling this role. In this article the issue of consent is unpacked and ethically and legally sound guidelines is offered to ensure high standard of ethical practice.

Introduction:
The issue of obtaining consent, from both parents, is often a difficult one for private practitioners and organizations who’s focus is service delivery in the best interest of children. Therapist, social workers and psychologist stance is often one of wanting to help and they find it difficult when issues like consent stand in their way of fulfilling this role. However, if we want to offer services (even if this excludes any statutory or forensic services) that meets both the legal and ethical requirements, we must in all matters concerning a child follow a transparent process.

Authors
Louise P Aucamp
Social worker in private practice
Email: louise@factnetwork.co.za

Marie M Steyn
Division Social Work, Potchefstroom Campus of the North-West University, Potchefstroom
Email: Marie.Steyn@nwu.ac.za

Esmé van Rensburg
Division Psychology, Potchefstroom Campus of the North-West University, Potchefstroom
Email: esmé.vanrensburg@nwu.ac.za

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An Ecological Perspective on the Effect of Childhood Sexual Abuse on Children
Abstract:
Sexual abuse is a phenomenon with far-reaching effects. This article will provide a holistic look at the effects of sexual abuse from an ecological systems perspective. The effect of sexual abuse on the child as the focus of the microsystem will be highlighted, as well as the effects on the parents or the child’s caregiver as the meso system. The authors will attempt to highlight the interactive dynamics between the different systems and will explain how each system can contribute to either mitigating or exacerbating the effects of abuse on the child.

Introduction:
Over the last several decades, health care professionals have witnessed a dramatic increase in knowledge of the effect of trauma on children and adolescents. It is indisputable that sexual abuse has a multi-faceted effect on the child and his functioning (Colarusso 2010:3; Karakurt & Silver 2014:80; McFarlane & Yehuda 2007:157; Van der Kolk & MacFarlane 2007:15-16). Although there is agreement amongst authors when it comes to the effect of sexual abuse on the child, most of them list possible symptoms of sexual abuse when referring to this effect. However, practitioners fall short when they know only the “signs or indications” associated with sexual abuse, and lack understanding of the underlying psychological dynamics that cause them.

Authors
Louise P Aucamp
Social worker in private practice
Email: louise@factnetwork.co.za

Marie M Steyn
Division Social Work, Potchefstroom Campus of the North-West University, Potchefstroom
Email: Marie.Steyn@nwu.ac.za

Esmé van Rensburg
Division Psychology, Potchefstroom Campus of the North-West University, Potchefstroom
Email: esmé.vanrensburg@nwu.ac.za

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Article on Parental Alienation
Abstract:
This article examines the various tactics that alienating parents employs as well as the effects of parental alienation on children. The article underscores the importance of addressing parental alienation through a multi-faceted approach, involving legal, therapeutic, and educational interventions. Court intervention may be necessary to modify custody arrangements and protect the child's well-being. At the end of the day the paramount consideration is the child's safety, well-being, and development.

Introduction:
Parental alienation is a process by which one parent negatively influences a child’s opinion of the other parent. In the process of parental alienation, one parent (the alienating parent) damages how the child views the other parent (the targeted parent). As a result, the child becomes extremely dedicated to the alienating parent while unjustly demeaning the alienated parent (Baker, 2020, Harman et al. 2019 & Kruk, 2018.). Therefore, in the parental alienation process, an alienating parent tries to exert control over the child's life by instilling animosity between the child and the targeted parent, with the goal of creating a negative relationship between them. The difference between a child who is estranged or has a difficult relationship with his or her parent and an alienated parent is that an alienated child rejects and does not see any good attributes of the target parent whereas she/he does not see or highlight the negative attributes of the favored parent (Kruk, 2018). This results in the targeted parent being seen in a completely negative light while the favored parent is seen as perfect.

Authors
Nomfezeko Mbali
Social worker in private practice
Email: fezi@factnetwork.co.za

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For Schools

CSA Prevention and Awareness
The CSA Prevention and awareness program was developed by Louise Aucamp, social worker in private practise [BA(MW) MSD(Play Therapy) PhD(Social work)]. Working with sexually abused children on a daily basis through forensic assessments into allegations of sexual abuse, the need and desire to become a role player in the effective prevention of sexual abuse was born.

Equipping herself with the necessary knowledge and skills, through attending international training on sexual abuse and forensic investigations and studying available literature and research the program was developed during 2006-2008. The first formal presentation of the program was during 2008, when the program was presented to a group of nursery school teachers.

Children are often taught how to keep themselves safe from sexual abuse. Various programmes are run in nursery and primary schools teaching our kids how to protect themselves from sexual abuse.

Since then the programme has undergone grown both in content and presentations across Pretoria. Based on research that formed part of Louise Aucamps Phd. studies various articles underlying different core aspects of the program has been published in scientific journals.

During 2014 a research study on the CSA Prevention and Awareness program was conducted by Mrs Suria Barnard, social worker in private practise, as part of her Master Degree in Forensic Practise. The outcomes of this research study proofs that the CSA Prevention and Awareness programme is effective in increasing significant adults knowledges about sexual abuse as well as their skills in facilitating a child’s disclosure.

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SCHOOLS PROGRAM

Vision:
To effectively prevent child sexual abuse by empowering significant adults in children’s lives.

Mission:
Raise awareness of the prevalence and consequences of child sexual abuse by educating significant adults about the steps they can take to prevent, recognize and react responsibly to the reality of child sexual abuse.

This training is a first step towards educating significant adults in the child’s life, to understand, prevent, recognize and react responsibly to child abuse.

Children are often taught how to keep themselves safe from sexual abuse. Various programmes are run in nursery and primary schools teaching our kids how to protect themselves from sexual abuse.
Although these programs do have some value the problem with these programmes are two folded:

    A) Prevention of sexual abuse is not a child’s responsibility
    As adults we make sure our children wear seat belts. We walk them across busy roads. We put a fence around our pools and store toxic chemicals and household cleaners out of reach of children. Why then would we leave the job of protecting our children against sexual abuse sole up to them? Placing the responsibility of sexual abuse purely on our children’s shoulders can be described as irresponsible and show’s a lack of understanding of the dynamic’s of sexual abuse. If we, as parents and adults, understand the dynamics of sexual abuse then we will understand that a child is in no position to say no to his or her abuser.

    B) Prevention programmes aimed at children leads to disclosure of abuse and is not as effective in the prevention of abuse Prevention programmes aimed at children does have its place in a holistic approach to the prevention of sexual abuse. It is important though not to mistake the value of these programmes as all sufficient as a preventive measure. Preventive programmes aimed at children often focuses on teaching children that their bodies are private and that no one is allowed to touch their private parts. All though this is important for them to learn – it cannot substitute adult responsibility to protect children. Where preventive programmes are presented to children it is of the utmost importance that these programmes flow from a sound knowledge of sexual abuse and the dynamics of abuse and grooming, thereby refraining from burdening children with guilt by teaching them to say no and run away.